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Demokrasi dan Identitas Naratif


Dalam demokrasi, legitimitas politik mencari pembenarannya melalui persetujuan warga negara. Persetujuan ini dilandaskan pada komunikasi (J Habermas, 1981).

Tidak ada norma atau nilai yang tidak dapat diperdebatkan, dipertanyakan, atau dikritik. Argumentasi menjadi cara mencari dasar persetujuan tindakan kolektif. Apakah prosedur demokrasi membantu warga negara lebih memiliki komitmen etis (komponen utama identitas naratif)? Acuan ke identitas naratif bisa menjadi ukuran sejauh mana keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (anggota legislatif dipilih berdasarkan suara terbanyak) mampu membuka dinamika politik baru.


Dilema dan solidaritas

Model tindakan komunikatif itu dilematis. Di satu sisi, tindakan komunikatif sering dikritik terlalu ideal sehingga syaratnya (tulus, benar, tepat, menunda kepentingan masing-masing peserta) sulit dipenuhi. Di sisi lain, upaya mewujudkan tuntutan itu bisa menjadi latihan guna membentuk orang yang terbuka dan memiliki komitmen. Seringnya perjumpaan, dalam kerangka diagnostik masalah dan upaya-upaya kolektif, akan menumbuhkan saling kepercayaan.

Demokrasi deliberatif, yang memberi kesempatan kepada suatu suara mengungkap alasan-alasannya, menjadi tempat persemaian bagi tumbuhnya saling pengertian. Karena itu, diskusi jangan dibatasi oleh urgensi untuk segera mengambil keputusan atau segera bertindak. Peserta dituntut bisa menahan diri untuk menunda kepentingan masing-masing. Tuntutan ini dalam realitas politik sulit dipenuhi karena masing-masing pihak memiliki prioritas, motivasi, dan tujuan. Terkurasnya energi karena konflik kepentingan ini bila diarahkan oleh politik budaya yang multikultural bisa memancing kesadaran rasa kebangsaan. Mengapa?

Ketika pilihan rasional masing-masing pihak berkutat pada kepentingan sendiri, dorongan ke arah kepentingan kolektif dalam bentuk solidaritas dan orientasi tujuan (kesejahteraan bersama, ideologi, pluralitas) kian dibutuhkan. Orang tidak akan sanggup terus menghadapi konflik dan ketidakpastian. Maka, tindakan yang hanya ditentukan oleh logika ekonomi dipertanyakan. Orang mencari kerja sama. Taruhannya adalah identitas dan komitmen. Komitmen merupakan dimensi moral yang menandai identitas naratif.

Identitas naratif

Identitas naratif lahir dari pemahaman kehidupan dalam bentuk kisah yang disatukan oleh tujuan hidup baik sehingga memungkinkan tiap orang menunjukkan kualifikasi etisnya (P Ricoeur, 1990:187). Tanda identitas naratif ialah meski selalu diterpa perubahan, tetap bisa dipercaya dan diperhitungkan. Jadi, identitas naratif ditandai oleh kemampuannya untuk menepati janji. Kemampuan menepati janji merupakan identitas lebih tinggi karena, meski ada aneka perubahan, masih tetap bisa diandalkan. Kemampuan menepati janji berasal dari kesetiaan kepada diri sendiri dan orang lain. Dari tepat janji ini tumbuh solidaritas. Jadi, identitas naratif suatu bangsa ditandai komitmen, kesatuan, dan kohesi yang teruji oleh waktu.

Identitas merupakan hasil proses identifikasi dan distinction yang membantu kelompok sosial membangun kohesinya dan menetapkan posisinya berhadapan dengan bangsa lain. Maka keyakinan, loyalitas, dan solidaritas anggota-anggotanya terwujud bila masyarakat saling mengakui hak dan kewajibannya karena status mereka sama (E Gellner, 1983:7).

Identitas naratif lemah saat warga negara tidak mampu mengenali diri dan yang lain atau menafikan yang lain. Mereka ini sebetulnya buta terhadap kepentingan dan identitasnya. Mereka akan gagal dalam hidup bersama. Padahal, bahkan pasar, sebagai bentuk kerja sama dan persaingan dalam pertaruhan simbolis dan material, menuntut syarat adanya dialektika identifikasi dan pengakuan ini. Maka, menjadi penting teori identitas dan pengakuan (D Cefaï, 2007:215). Identitas dan pengakuan diperoleh melalui keikutsertaan dalam tindakan dan upaya nyata, baik sendiri maupun kolektif, dan dalam kerja sama serta komunikasi dengan sesamanya.

Dalam konteks ini, keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang menetapkan terpilihnya anggota legislatif atas dasar suara terbanyak bisa membuka dinamika politik baru. Di satu sisi, keputusan itu memperlemah daya tawar partai politik dan kecenderungan berkembangnya rasa kedaerahan. Di sisi lain, keterwakilan konstituen kian diperhatikan meski disertai kekhawatiran merebaknya politik uang dan dipertanyakannya kualitas caleg.

Ada dua implikasi politik, pertama, partai politik kian dituntut profesional dalam manajemen organisasi, termasuk dalam penunjukan calon anggota legislatif. Kedua, menghadapi primordialisme kedaerahan dan agama, pemerintah pusat harus mempunyai politik budaya yang tegas. Alasannya, pertama, nilai strategis budaya sebagai penyebar standar simbolis dan komunikatif; kedua, dasar identitas bangsa; ketiga, politik budaya berdampak positif pada ekonomi dan sosial karena mengembangkan kreativitas (L Bonet, 2007). Dengan demikian, keputusan MK bisa membuka dinamika kebangsaan baru asal mengarahkan ke universalitas konkret. Universalitas konkret sebagai bentuk komitmen etis merupakan komponen utama identitas naratif.

Universalitas konkret

Universalitas konkret bisa diilustrasikan dalam karya seni. Kekaguman terhadap karya seni merupakan bentuk universalitas. Jarang ada komentar yang mengatakan, karya-karya Mozart tidak bermutu. Universalitas konkret ini didefinisikan sebagai rekonsiliasi antara yang partikular dan yang universal (L Ferry, 1998:246). Partikularitas ini berlaku bagi suatu budaya (agama), saat ia membuka makna bagi seluruh kemanusiaan. Pemeluk agama-agama dipanggil untuk menjadi karya seni, artinya ambil bagian dalam kehidupan bersama dan memberi makna bagi semua. Panggilan ini berarti masuk ke pemikiran yang diperluas, maksudnya akses ke universal melalui otentifikasi partikularitas. Semakin mendalam dan otentik penghayatan agama seseorang, justru kian terbuka bagi semua.

Keterbukaan ini adalah buah kebebasan yang mampu melepaskan diri dari partikularisme (agama) untuk membuka diri bagi semua golongan. Orang bisa memahami makna karya seni ketika melihat pribadi Mahatma Gandhi, Ibu Teresa dari Calcutta, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Hatta, dan Romo Mangun. Para tokoh ini adalah ungkapan universalitas konkret.

Universal karena mereka berjasa dan diterima semua golongan, juga konkret karena mengakar pada partikularitas agama masing-masing. Komitmen untuk kemanusiaan yang mengatasi sekat agama menandai identitas naratifnya. Universalitas konkret mengikis primordialisme karena ukuran penerimaan bukan kepemilikan pada kelompok, tetapi jasa, sumbangan, dan prestasi untuk masyarakat.HARYATMOKO Dosen Pascasarjana FIB UI dan Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta

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